probabilities Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

monkey Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as the simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes, which constitutes an incomple ...

double-precision Double-precision floating-point format (sometimes called FP64 or float64) is a floating-point number format, usually occupying 64 bits in computer memory; it represents a wide dynamic range of numeric values by using a floating radix point. Flo ...

standard 52-card deck The standard 52-card deck of French-suited playing cards is the most common pack of playing cards used today. In English-speaking countries it is the only traditional pack used for playing cards; in many countries of the world, however, it is used ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

suit A suit, lounge suit, or business suit is a set of clothes comprising a suit jacket and trousers of identical textiles worn with a collared dress shirt, necktie, and dress shoes. A skirt suit is similar, but with a matching skirt instead of tr ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

ronto- A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pre ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

yocto- A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pre ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

zepto- A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pre ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

atto- A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pre ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

femto- A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pre ...

almost integer In recreational mathematics, an almost integer (or near-integer) is any number that is not an integer but is very close to one. Almost integers are considered interesting when they arise in some context in which they are unexpected. Almost inte ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

Poker Poker is a family of comparing card games in which players wager over which hand is best according to that specific game's rules. It is played worldwide, however in some places the rules may vary. While the earliest known form of the game w ...

four of a kind Four of a kind may refer to: * Four of a kind (poker), a type of poker hand * Four of a Kind (card game), a patience or solitaire * ''Four of a Kind'' (TV series), an American reality series about quadruplets * ''Four of a Kind'' (film), an Austral ...

milli- ''Milli'' (symbol m) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one thousandth (10−3). Proposed in 1793, and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin , meaning ''one thousand'' (the Latin plural is ). Since 1960, the pre ...

UK National Lottery The National Lottery is the state-franchised national lottery established in 1994 in the United Kingdom. It is regulated by the Gambling Commission, and is currently operated by Camelot Group, to which the licence was granted in 1994, 2001 and ...

deci- ''Deci'' (symbol d) is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one tenth. Proposed in 1793, and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin , meaning "tenth". Since 1960, the prefix is part of the International System ...

one 1 (one, unit, unity) is a number representing a single or the only entity. 1 is also a numerical digit and represents a single unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of ''unit length'' is a line segment of length 1. I ...

Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...

monotheistic religion Monotheism is the belief that there is only one deity, an all-supreme being that is universally referred to as God. Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford ...

Lisu Supplement Lisu Supplement is a Unicode block containing supplementary characters of the Fraser alphabet, which is used to write the Lisu language. This is a supplement to the main Lisu block, with currently only a single character used for the Naxi langua ...

natural logarithm The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant , which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to . The natural logarithm of is generally written as , , or sometimes, if ...

ternary computer A ternary computer, also called trinary computer, is one that uses ternary logic (i.e., base 3) instead of the more common binary system (i.e., base 2) in its calculations. This means it uses trits (instead of bits, as most computers do). Types ...

ternary Ternary (from Latin ''ternarius'') or trinary is an adjective meaning "composed of three items". It can refer to: Mathematics and logic * Ternary numeral system, a base-3 counting system ** Balanced ternary, a positional numeral system, useful ...

Four Noble Truths In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths (Sanskrit: ; pi, cattāri ariyasaccāni; "The four Arya satyas") are "the truths of the Noble Ones", the truths or realities for the "spiritually worthy ones". 7 ± 2, in cognitive science">The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two">7 ± 2, in cognitive science, George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller's estimate of the number of objects that can be simultaneously held in human working memory. * ''Music'': 7 (number), 7 notes in a major scale, major or minor scale. * ''Astronomy:'' 8 (number), 8 planets in the Solar System. * ''Religion:'' the Eightfold Path in Buddhism. * ''Literature:'' 9 circles of

Hell In religion and folklore, hell is a location in the afterlife in which evil souls are subjected to punitive suffering, most often through torture, as eternal punishment after death. Religions with a linear divine history often depict hell ...

in the '' Inferno'' by Dante Alighieri.

10¹

(10;

ten Ten, TEN or 10 may refer to: * 10, an even natural number following 9 and preceding 11 * one of the years 10 BC, AD 10, 1910 and 2010 * October, the tenth month of the year Places * Mount Ten, in Vietnam * Tongren Fenghuang Airport (IATA code ...

) ISO: deca- (da) * ''Demography:'' The population of

Pesnopoy Pesnopoy ( bg, Песнопой) is a village in Ardino Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern-central Bulgaria. It is located southeast of Sofia Sofia ( ; bg, София, Sofiya, ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is ...

, a village in Bulgaria, was 10 in 2007. * ''Human scale:'' There are 10

digit Digit may refer to: Mathematics and science * Numerical digit, as used in mathematics or computer science ** Hindu-Arabic numerals, the most common modern representation of numerical digits * Digit (anatomy), the most distal part of a limb, such ...

s on a pair of human

hand A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each "h ...

s, and 10 toes on a pair of human feet. * ''Mathematics:'' The number system used in everyday life, the

decimal The decimal numeral system (also called the base-ten positional numeral system and denary or decanary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers. It is the extension to non-integer numbers of the Hindu–Arabic numeral ...

system, has 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. * ''Religion:'' the Ten Commandments in the Abrahamic religions. * ''Music:'' The number of notes (12) in a chromatic scale. * ''Astrology:'' There are 12

zodiac signs In Western astrology, astrological signs are the twelve 30-degree sectors that make up Earth's 360-degree orbit around the Sun. The signs enumerate from the first day of spring, known as the First Point of Aries, which is the vernal equinox. ...

, each one representing part of the annual path of the sun's movement across the night sky. * ''Computing –

Microsoft Windows Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for serv ...

:'' Twelve successive consumer versions of Windows NT have been released as of December 2021. * ''Music:'' The number (15) of completed, numbered

string quartet The term string quartet can refer to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two violinists ...

s by each of Ludwig van Beethoven and

Dmitri Shostakovich Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich, , group=n (9 August 1975) was a Soviet-era Russian composer and pianist who became internationally known after the premiere of his Symphony No. 1 (Shostakovich), First Symphony in 1926 and was regarded throug ...

. * ''Linguistics:'' The

Finnish language Finnish ( endonym: or ) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland. Finnish is one of the two official languages of Finland (the other being Swedish ...

has fifteen noun cases. * ''Mathematics:'' The

hexadecimal In mathematics and computing, the hexadecimal (also base-16 or simply hex) numeral system is a positional numeral system that represents numbers using a radix (base) of 16. Unlike the decimal system representing numbers using 10 symbols, hexa ...

system, a common number system used in computer programming, uses 16 digits where the last 6 are usually represented by letters: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. * ''Computing – Unicode:'' The minimum possible size of a Unicode block is 16 contiguous code points (i.e., U+''abcde''0 - U+''abcde''F). * ''Computing – UTF-16/ Unicode:'' There are 17 addressable

plane Plane(s) most often refers to: * Aero- or airplane, a powered, fixed-wing aircraft * Plane (geometry), a flat, 2-dimensional surface Plane or planes may also refer to: Biology * Plane (tree) or ''Platanus'', wetland native plant * Planes (gen ...

s in UTF-16, and, thus, as Unicode is limited to the UTF-16 code space, 17 valid planes in Unicode. * ''Science fiction:'' The

23 enigma The 23 enigma is a belief in the significance of the number 23. Origins Robert Anton Wilson cites William S. Burroughs as the first person to believe in the 23 enigma. Wilson, in an article in ''Fortean Times'', related the following anecdote: ...

plays a prominent role in the plot of '' The Illuminatus! Trilogy'' by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson. * ''Mathematics:'' e ≈ 23.140692633 * ''Music:'' a combined total of 24 major and minor keys, also the number of works in some musical cycles of J. S. Bach,

Frédéric Chopin Frédéric François Chopin (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period, who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leadin ...

,

Alexander Scriabin Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (; russian: Александр Николаевич Скрябин ; – ) was a Russian composer and virtuoso pianist. Before 1903, Scriabin was greatly influenced by the music of Frédéric Chopin and composed ...

, and

Dmitri Shostakovich Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich, , group=n (9 August 1975) was a Soviet-era Russian composer and pianist who became internationally known after the premiere of his Symphony No. 1 (Shostakovich), First Symphony in 1926 and was regarded throug ...

. * ''Alphabetic writing:'' There are 26 letters in the Latin-derived English alphabet (excluding letters found only in foreign loanwords). * ''Science fiction:'' The number 42, in by Douglas Adams, is the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything which is calculated by an enormous supercomputer over a period of 7.5 million years. * ''Biology:'' Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes. * ''Phonology:'' There are 47 phonemes in English phonology in

Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation (RP) is the Accent (sociolinguistics), accent traditionally regarded as the Standard language, standard and most Prestige (sociolinguistics), prestigious form of spoken British English. For over a century, there has been ...

. * ''Syllabic writing:'' There are 49 letters in each of the two kana syllabaries ( hiragana and katakana) used to represent Japanese (not counting letters representing sound patterns that have never occurred in Japanese). * '' Chess:'' Either player in a chess game can claim a draw if 50 consecutive moves are made by each side without any captures or pawn moves. * ''Demography:'' The population of

Nassau Island Long Island is a densely populated island in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of New York, part of the New York metropolitan area. With over 8 million people, Long Island is the most populous island in the United States and the 18th- ...

, part of the Cook Islands, was around 78 in 2016. * ''Syllabic writing:'' There are 85 letters in the modern version of the Cherokee syllabary. * ''Music:'' There are 88 keys on a grand piano. * ''Computing – ASCII:'' There are 95 printable characters in the ASCII character set.

10²

(100; hundred) ISO: hecto- (h) * ''Music:'' There are 104 numbered symphonies of

Franz Josef Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn ( , ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio. His contributions to musical form have led ...

. * ''European history:'' Groupings of 100 homesteads were a common administrative unit in Northern Europe and Great Britain (see

Hundred (county division) A hundred is an administrative division that is geographically part of a larger region. It was formerly used in England, Wales, some parts of the United States, Denmark, Southern Schleswig, Sweden, Finland, Norway, the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek, C ...

). * ''Religion:'' 108 is a sacred number in Hinduism. * ''Chemistry:'' 118 chemical elements have been discovered or synthesized as of 2016. * ''Computing – ASCII:'' There are 128 characters in the ASCII character set, including nonprintable control characters. * ''Phonology:'' The

Taa language Taa , also known as ǃXóõ (also spelled ǃKhong and ǃXoon; ), is a Tuu language notable for its large number of phonemes, perhaps the largest in the world. It is also notable for having perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consona ...

is estimated to have between 130 and 164 distinct phonemes. * ''Political Science:'' There were 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011. * ''Computing:'' A GIF image (or an

8-bit In computer architecture, 8-bit Integer (computer science), integers or other Data (computing), data units are those that are 8 bits wide (1 octet (computing), octet). Also, 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) arc ...

image) supports maximum 256 (=2⁸) colors. * ''Computing – Unicode:'' There are 320 different Unicode blocks as of Unicode 14.0 (2021). * ''Aviation:'' 583 persons died in the 1977 Tenerife airport disaster, the deadliest accident not caused by deliberate terrorist action in the history of civil aviation. * ''Music:'' The highest number (626) in the Köchel catalogue of works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. * ''Demography:'' The Vatican City, the least populous independent country, has an approximate population of 800 as of 2018.

10³

(; thousand) ISO: kilo- (k) * ''Demography:'' The population of

Ascension Island Ascension Island is an isolated volcanic island, 7°56′ south of the Equator in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is about from the coast of Africa and from the coast of South America. It is governed as part of the British Overseas Territory o ...

is 1,122. * ''Music:'' 1,128: number of known extant works by Johann Sebastian Bach recognized in the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis as of 2017. * ''Typesetting:'' 2,000–3,000 letters on a typical typed page of text. * ''Mathematics:'' 2,520 (5×7×8×9 or 2³×3²×5×7) is the least common multiple of every positive integer under (and including) 10. * ''Terrorism:'' 2,996 persons (including 19 terrorists) died in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. * ''Biology:'' the DNA of the simplest viruses has 3,000

base pair A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA ...

s. * ''Military history'': 4,200 (Republic) or 5,200 (Empire) was the standard size of a Roman legion. * ''Linguistics:'' Estimates for the

linguistic diversity Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of met ...

of living human languages or dialects range between 5,000 and 10,000. ( SIL Ethnologue in 2009 listed 6,909 known living languages.) *''Astronomy – Catalogues:'' There are 7,840 deep-sky objects in the

NGC Catalogue The ''New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars'' (abbreviated NGC) is an astronomical catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. The NGC contains 7,840 objects, including galaxies, star clusters and em ...

from 1888. * ''Lexicography:'' 8,674 unique words in the Hebrew Bible.

10⁴

(; ten thousand or a

myriad A myriad (from Ancient Greek grc, μυριάς, translit=myrias, label=none) is technically the number 10,000 (ten thousand); in that sense, the term is used in English almost exclusively for literal translations from Greek, Latin or Sinospher ...

) * ''Biology:'' Each neuron in the human brain is estimated to connect to 10,000 others. * ''Demography:'' The population of Tuvalu was 10,544 in 2007. * ''Lexicography:'' 14,500 unique English words occur in the King James Version of the Bible. *''Zoology:'' There are approximately 17,500 distinct butterfly species known. * ''Language:'' There are 20,000–40,000 distinct Chinese characters in more than occasional use. * ''Biology:'' Each human being is estimated to have 20,000 coding genes. * ''Grammar:'' Each regular verb in Cherokee can have 21,262 inflected forms. * ''War:'' 22,717 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing in the

Battle of Antietam The Battle of Antietam (), or Battle of Sharpsburg particularly in the Southern United States, was a battle of the American Civil War fought on September 17, 1862, between Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union G ...

, the bloodiest single day of battle in American history. * ''Computing – Unicode:'' 42,720 characters are encoded in

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B is a Unicode block A Unicode block is one of several contiguous ranges of numeric character codes ( code points) of the Unicode character set that are defined by the Unicode Consortium for administrative and ...

, the most of any single public-use Unicode block as of Unicode 14.0 (2021). * ''Aviation:'' , 44,000+ airframes have been built of the Cessna 172, the most-produced aircraft in history. * ''Computing - Fonts:'' The maximum possible number of glyphs in a TrueType or OpenType font is 65,535 (2¹⁶-1), the largest number representable by the 16-bit unsigned integer used to record the total number of glyphs in the font. * ''Computing – Unicode:'' A

plane Plane(s) most often refers to: * Aero- or airplane, a powered, fixed-wing aircraft * Plane (geometry), a flat, 2-dimensional surface Plane or planes may also refer to: Biology * Plane (tree) or ''Platanus'', wetland native plant * Planes (gen ...

contains 65,536 (2¹⁶) code points; this is also the maximum size of a Unicode block, and the total number of code points available in the obsolete UCS-2 encoding. * ''Mathematics:'' 65,537 is the largest known Fermat prime. * ''Memory:'' , the largest number of decimal places of π that have been recited from memory is 70,030.

10⁵

Woman with long brown hair, close-up view

(;

one hundred thousand 100,000 (one hundred thousand) is the natural number following 99,999 and preceding 100,001. In scientific notation, it is written as 105. Terms for 100,000 In India, Pakistan and South Asia, one hundred thousand is called a lakh, and is wri ...

or a

lakh A lakh (; abbreviated L; sometimes written lac) is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand (100,000; scientific notation: 105). In the Indian 2,2,3 convention of digit grouping, it is written as 1,00,000. For ex ...

). * ''Demography:'' The population of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was 100,982 in 2009. * ''Biology – Strands of hair on a head:'' The average human head has about 100,000–150,000 strands of

hair Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and f ...

. * ''Literature:'' approximately 100,000 verses ( shlokas) in the '' Mahabharata''. * ''Computing – Unicode:'' 144,762 characters (including control characters) encoded in Unicode as of version 14.0 (2021). * ''Language:'' 267,000 words in James Joyce's ''

Ulysses Ulysses is one form of the Roman name for Odysseus, a hero in ancient Greek literature. Ulysses may also refer to: People * Ulysses (given name), including a list of people with this name Places in the United States * Ulysses, Kansas * Ulysse ...

''. * ''Computing – Unicode:'' 288,512 code points assigned to a Unicode block as of Unicode 14.0. * ''Mathematics:'' 294,000 – The approximate number of entries in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . * ''Genocide:'' 300,000 people killed in the Rape of Nanking. * ''Language – English words:'' The New Oxford Dictionary of English contains about 360,000 definitions for English words. * ''Biology – Plants:'' There are approximately 390,000 distinct plant species known, of which approximately 20% (or 78,000) are in risk of extinction. *''Biology – Flowers:'' There are approximately 400,000 distinct flower species on Earth. * ''Literature:'' 564,000 words in '' War and Peace'' by Leo Tolstoy. * ''Literature:'' 930,000 words in the King James Version of the Bible. * ''Mathematics:'' There are 933,120 possible combinations on the Pyraminx. * ''Computing – Unicode:'' There are 974,530 publicly-assignable code points (i.e., not surrogates, private-use code points, or noncharacters) in Unicode.

10⁶

(; 1000²; long and short scales: one

million One million (1,000,000), or one thousand thousand, is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001. The word is derived from the early Italian ''millione'' (''milione'' in modern Italian), from ''mille'', "thousand", plus the au ...

) ISO: mega- (M) * ''Demography:'' The population of

Riga Riga (; lv, Rīga , liv, Rīgõ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia and is home to 605,802 inhabitants which is a third of Latvia's population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Ba ...

,

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

was 1,003,949 in 2004, according to

Eurostat Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Eurostat's main responsibilities are to provide statis ...

. * ''Computing – UTF-8:'' There are 1,112,064 (2²⁰ + 2¹⁶ - 2¹¹) valid UTF-8 sequences (excluding overlong sequences and sequences corresponding to code points used for UTF-16 surrogates or code points beyond U+10FFFF). * ''Computing – UTF-16/Unicode:'' There are 1,114,112 (2²⁰ + 2¹⁶) distinct values encodable in UTF-16, and, thus (as Unicode is currently limited to the UTF-16 code space), 1,114,112 valid code points in Unicode (1,112,064 scalar values and 2,048 surrogates). *''Ludology – Number of games:'' Approximately 1,181,019 video games have been created as of 2019. * ''Biology – Species:'' The World Resources Institute claims that approximately 1.4 million species have been named, out of an unknown number of total species (estimates range between 2 and 100 million species). Some scientists give 8.8 million species as an exact figure. * ''Genocide:'' Approximately 800,000–1,500,000 (1.5 million) Armenians were killed in the Armenian genocide. * ''Linguistics:'' The number of possible conjugations for each verb in the Archi language is 1,502,839. * ''Info:'' The freedb database of CD track listings has around 1,750,000 entries . * ''War:'' 1,857,619 casualties at the

Battle of Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (later re ...

. * ''Computing – UTF-8:'' 2,164,864 (2²¹ + 2¹⁶ + 2¹¹ + 2⁷) possible one- to four-byte UTF-8 sequences, if the restrictions on overlong sequences, surrogate code points, and code points beyond U+10FFFF are ''not'' adhered to. (Note that not all of these correspond to unique code points.) * ''Mathematics – Playing cards:'' There are 2,598,960 different 5-card poker hands that can be dealt from a standard 52-card deck. * ''Mathematics:'' There are 3,149,280 possible positions for the

Skewb The Skewb () is a combination puzzle and a mechanical puzzle in the style of the Rubik's Cube. It was invented by Tony Durham and marketed by Uwe Mèffert. Although it is cubical in shape, it differs from Rubik's construction in that its axes of ...

. *''Mathematics – Rubik's Cube:'' 3,674,160 is the number of combinations for the Pocket Cube (2×2×2 Rubik's Cube). * ''Geography/Computing – Geographic places:'' The NIMA GEOnet Names Server contains approximately 3.88 million named geographic features outside the United States, with 5.34 million names. The USGS Geographic Names Information System claims to have almost 2 million physical and cultural geographic features within the United States. * ''Computing - Supercomputer hardware:'' 4,981,760 processor cores in the final configuration of the Tianhe-2 supercomputer. * ''Genocide:'' Approximately 5,100,000–6,200,000 Jews were killed in the Holocaust. * ''Info – Web sites:'' As of , , the English Wikipedia contains approximately million articles in the English language.

10⁷

(; a

crore A crore (; abbreviated cr) denotes ten million (10,000,000 or 107 in scientific notation) and is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system. It is written as 1,00,00,000 with the local 2,2,3 style of digit group separators (one lakh is e ...

; long and short scales:

ten million Ten Million (October 14, 1889 – June 18, 1964) was a minor league baseball player who played for various teams in the Northwestern League in the years prior to World War I. He is best known for his unusual name. Baseball career The Cleveland ...

) * ''Demography:'' The population of

Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...

was 10,085,214 in 2010. * ''Literature:'' 11,206,310 words in ''Devta'' by

Mohiuddin Nawab Mohiuddin Nawab ( ur, ) (September 4, 1930 - February 6, 2016) was a Pakistani novelist, screenwriter, and poet. He is famous for his popular novel series, " Devta" that was episodically and continuously published in Suspense Digest from February ...

, the longest continuously published story known in the history of literature. * ''Genocide'': An estimated 12 million persons shipped from Africa to the New World in the

Atlantic slave trade The Atlantic slave trade, transatlantic slave trade, or Euro-American slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and i ...

. * ''Mathematics:'' 12,988,816 is the number of

domino tiling In geometry, a domino tiling of a region in the Euclidean plane is a tessellation of the region by dominoes, shapes formed by the union of two unit squares meeting edge-to-edge. Equivalently, it is a perfect matching in the grid graph formed by p ...

s of an 8×8

checkerboard A checkerboard (American English) or chequerboard (British English; see spelling differences) is a board of checkered pattern on which checkers (also known as English draughts) is played. Most commonly, it consists of 64 squares (8×8) of altern ...

. * ''War:'' 15 to 22 million casualties estimated as a result of World War I. * ''Genocide/Famine:'' 15 million is an estimated lower bound for the death toll of the 1959–1961

Great Chinese Famine The Great Chinese Famine () was a period between 1959 and 1961 in the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC) characterized by widespread famine. Some scholars have also included the years 1958 or 1962. It is widely regarded as the dead ...

, the deadliest known famine in human history. * ''Computing:'' 16,777,216 different colors can be generated using the

hex code Web colors are colors used in displaying web pages on the World Wide Web, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors. Colors may be specified as an RGB triplet or in hexadecimal format (a ''hex triplet'') or according to their c ...

system in HTML (note that the trichromatic

color vision Color vision, a feature of visual perception, is an ability to perceive differences between light composed of different wavelengths (i.e., different spectral power distributions) independently of light intensity. Color perception is a part of ...

of the

human eye The human eye is a sensory organ, part of the sensory nervous system, that reacts to visible light and allows humans to use visual information for various purposes including seeing things, keeping balance, and maintaining circadian rhythm. ...

can only distinguish between about an estimated 1,000,000 different colors). * ''Science Fiction'': In

Isaac Asimov yi, יצחק אזימאװ , birth_date = , birth_place = Petrovichi, Russian SFSR , spouse = , relatives = , children = 2 , death_date = , death_place = Manhattan, New York City, U.S. , nationality = Russian (1920–1922)Soviet (192 ...

's Galactic Empire, in 22,500 CE, there are 25,000,000 different inhabited planets in the Galactic Empire, all inhabited by humans in Asimov's "human galaxy" scenario. * ''Genocide/Famine:'' 55 million is an estimated upper bound for the death toll of the Great Chinese Famine. * ''Literature:'' Wikipedia contains a total of around articles in languages as of . * ''War:'' 70 to 85 million casualties estimated as a result of World War II. * ''Mathematics:'' 73,939,133 is the largest right-truncatable prime.

10⁸

(; long and short scales: one hundred million) * ''Demography:'' The population of the Philippines was 100,981,437 in 2015. * ''Internet – YouTube:'' The number of YouTube channels is estimated to be 113.9 million. * ''Info – Books:'' The British Library claims that it holds over 150 million items. The Library of Congress claims that it holds approximately 148 million items. See '' The Gutenberg Galaxy''. * ''Video gaming:'' , approximately 200 million copies of '' Minecraft'' (the most-sold video game in history) have been sold. * ''Mathematics:'' More than 215,000,000

mathematical constant A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. Cons ...

s are collected on the Plouffe's Inverter . * ''Mathematics:'' 275,305,224 is the number of 5×5 normal

magic square In recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same. The 'order' of the magic square is the number ...

s, not counting rotations and reflections. This result was found in 1973 by Richard Schroeppel. *''Demography:'' The population of the United States was 328,239,523 in 2019. * ''Mathematics:'' 358,833,097

stellation In geometry, stellation is the process of extending a polygon in two dimensions, polyhedron in three dimensions, or, in general, a polytope in ''n'' dimensions to form a new figure. Starting with an original figure, the process extends specific el ...

s of the rhombic triacontahedron. * ''Info – Web sites:'' , the Netcraft web survey estimates that there are 525,998,433 (526 million) distinct websites. * ''Astronomy – Cataloged stars:'' The

Guide Star Catalog II The Guide Star Catalog (GSC), also known as the ''Hubble Space Telescope, Guide Catalog'' (''HSTGC''), is a star catalog compiled to support the Hubble Space Telescope with targeting off-axis stars. GSC-I contained approximately 20,000,000 stars w ...

has entries on 998,402,801 distinct

astronomical object An astronomical object, celestial object, stellar object or heavenly body is a naturally occurring physical entity, association, or structure that exists in the observable universe. In astronomy, the terms ''object'' and ''body'' are often us ...

s.

10⁹

(; 1000³;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one billion;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one thousand million, or one

milliard 1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or one milliard, one yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. With a number, "billion" can be abbreviated as b, bil or bn. In standa ...

) ISO: giga- (G) * ''Demography:'' The population of Africa reached 1,000,000,000 sometime in 2009. * ''Demographics – India:'' 1,381,000,000 – approximate population of India in 2020. *''Transportation – Cars:'' , there are approximately 1.4 billion

car A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded as ...

s in the world, corresponding to around 18% of the human population. * ''Demographics – China:'' 1,439,000,000 – approximate population of the People's Republic of China in 2020. *''Internet – Google:'' There are more than 1,500,000,000 active Gmail users globally. * ''Internet:'' Approximately 1,500,000,000 active users were on Facebook as of October 2015. * ''Computing – Computational limit of a 32-bit

CPU A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and ...

'':

2,147,483,647 The number 2,147,483,647 is the eighth Mersenne prime, equal to 231 − 1. It is one of only four known double Mersenne primes. The primality of this number was proven by Leonhard Euler, who reported the proof in a letter to Daniel ...

is equal to 2³¹−1, and as such is the largest number which can fit into a signed ( two's complement) 32-bit integer on a computer. * ''Computing – UTF-8:'' 2,147,483,648 (2³¹) possible code points (U+0000 - U+7FFFFFFF) in the pre-2003 version of UTF-8 (including five- and six-byte sequences), before the UTF-8 code space was limited to the much smaller set of values encodable in UTF-16. * ''Biology – base pairs in the genome:'' approximately 3.3

base pair A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA ...

s in the human genome. * ''Linguistics'': 3,400,000,000 – the total number of speakers of Indo-European languages, of which 2,400,000,000 are native speakers; the other 1,000,000,000 speak Indo-European languages as a second language. * ''Mathematics'' and ''computing'':

4,294,967,295 The number 4,294,967,295 is an integer equal to 2 − 1. It is a perfect totient number. It follows 4,294,967,294 and precedes 4,294,967,296. It has a factorization of 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 17 \cdot 257 \cdot 65537. It is the highest unsigned ...

(2³² − 1), the product of the five known Fermat primes and the maximum value for a 32-bit unsigned integer in computing. * ''Computing –

IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet and other packet-switched networks. IPv4 was the first version de ...

:'' 4,294,967,296 (2³²) possible unique IP addresses. * ''Computing:'' 4,294,967,296 – the number of bytes in 4 gibibytes; in computation, 32-bit computers can directly access 2³² units (bytes) of address space, which leads directly to the 4-gigabyte limit on main memory. * ''Mathematics:'' 4,294,967,297 is a Fermat number and semiprime. It is the smallest number of the form

2^+1

which is not a prime number. * ''Demographics – world population:'' 8,000,000,000 – Estimated population for the world as of November 2022.

10¹⁰

(;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: ten billion;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: ten thousand million, or ten

milliard 1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or one milliard, one yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. With a number, "billion" can be abbreviated as b, bil or bn. In standa ...

) * ''Biology – bacteria in the human body:'' There are roughly 10¹⁰ bacteria in the

human mouth In human anatomy, the mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and produces saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth. In addition to its primary role as the begin ...

. * ''Computing – web pages:'' approximately 5.6 web pages indexed by Google as of 2010.

10¹¹

(;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one hundred billion;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: hundred thousand million, or hundred

milliard 1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or one milliard, one yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. With a number, "billion" can be abbreviated as b, bil or bn. In standa ...

) * ''Astronomy:'' There are 100 billion planets located in the Milky Way. * ''Biology – Neurons in the brain:'' approximately (1±0.2) × 10¹¹ neurons in the human brain. * ''Medicine:'' The United States Food and Drug Administration requires a minimum of 3 x 10¹¹ (300 billion) platelets per apheresis unit. * '' Paleodemography –

Number of humans that have ever lived This article lists current estimates of the world population in history. In summary, estimates for the progression of world population since the Late Middle Ages are in the following ranges: Estimates for pre-modern times are necessarily fraugh ...

'': approximately (1.2±0.3) × 10¹¹ live births of anatomically modern humans since the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. * ''Astronomy – stars in our galaxy:'' of the order of 10¹¹

star A star is an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma (physics), plasma held together by its gravity. The List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs, nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked ...

s in the Milky Way galaxy.

10¹²

(; 1000⁴;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one trillion;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one billion) ISO: tera- (T) * ''Astronomy:'' Andromeda Galaxy, which is part of the same Local Group as our galaxy, contains about 10¹² stars. * ''Biology – Bacteria on the human body:'' The surface of the human body houses roughly 10¹² bacteria. * ''Astronomy – Galaxies'': A 2016 estimate says there are 2 × 10¹²

galaxies A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, dark matter, bound together by gravity. The word is derived from the Greek ' (), literally 'milky', a reference to the Milky Way galaxy that contains the Solar System. ...

in the observable universe. * ''Biology – Blood cells in the human body:'' The average human body has 2.5 × 10¹² red blood cells. * ''Biology:'' An estimate says there were 3.04 × 10¹² trees on Earth in 2015. * ''Marine biology'': 3,500,000,000,000 (3.5 × 10¹²) – estimated population of fish in the ocean. IC 1101 in Abell 2029 (hst 06228 03 wfpc2 f702w pc)

IC 1101 in Abell 2029 (hst 06228 03 wfpc2 f702w pc)

* ''Mathematics'': 7,625,597,484,987 – a number that often appears when dealing with

powers Powers may refer to: Arts and media * ''Powers'' (comics), a comic book series by Brian Michael Bendis and Michael Avon Oeming ** ''Powers'' (American TV series), a 2015–2016 series based on the comics * ''Powers'' (British TV series), a 200 ...

of 3. It can be expressed as

19683^3

,

27^9

,

3^

,

3^

and ³3 or when using Knuth's up-arrow notation it can be expressed as

3 \uparrow\uparrow 3

and

3 \uparrow\uparrow\uparrow 2

. * ''Astronomy:'' A

light-year A light-year, alternatively spelled light year, is a large unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers (), or 5.88 trillion miles ().One trillion here is taken to be 1012 ...

, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one year, which is equivalent to about 9.46

trillion ''Trillion'' is a number with two distinct definitions: * 1,000,000,000,000, i.e. one million million, or (ten to the twelfth power), as defined on the short scale. This is now the meaning in both American and British English. * 1,000,000,000,0 ...

kilometers (). * ''Mathematics:'' 10¹³ – The approximate number of known non-trivial zeros of the

Riemann zeta function The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the Greek letter (zeta), is a mathematical function of a complex variable defined as \zeta(s) = \sum_^\infty \frac = \frac + \frac + \frac + \cdots for \operatorname(s) > ...

. * ''Mathematics – Known digits of π:'' , the number of known digits of π is 31,415,926,535,897 (the integer part of π). * ''Biology'' – approximately 10¹⁴

synapse In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell. Synapses are essential to the transmission of nervous impulses from ...

s in the human brain. * ''Astronomy:'' IC 1101, a supergiant elliptical galaxy located inside the Abell 2029 cluster, is estimated to have approximately 100 trillion (10¹⁴) stars inside the galaxy, making it the largest known galaxy in the universe. * ''Biology – Cells in the human body:'' The

human body The human body is the structure of a Human, human being. It is composed of many different types of Cell (biology), cells that together create Tissue (biology), tissues and subsequently organ systems. They ensure homeostasis and the life, viabi ...

consists of roughly 10¹⁴

cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life Cell may also refer to: Locations * Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...

, of which only 10¹³ are human. The remaining 90% non-human cells (though much smaller and constituting much less mass) are bacteria, which mostly reside in the gastrointestinal tract, although the skin is also covered in bacteria. * ''Cryptography:'' 150,738,274,937,250 configurations of the plug-board of the Enigma machine used by the Germans in WW2 to encode and decode messages by cipher. * ''Computing –

MAC-48 A media access control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. This use is common in most IEEE 802 networking techno ...

:'' 281,474,976,710,656 (2⁴⁸) possible unique physical addresses. * ''Mathematics:'' 953,467,954,114,363 is the largest known Motzkin prime.

10¹⁵

(; 1000⁵;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one quadrillion;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one thousand billion, or one billiard) ISO: peta- (P) * ''Biology – Insects'': 1,000,000,000,000,000 to 10,000,000,000,000,000 (10¹⁵ to 10¹⁶) – The estimated total number of ants on Earth alive at any one time (their

biomass Biomass is plant-based material used as a fuel for heat or electricity production. It can be in the form of wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms, and households. Some people use the terms bi ...

is approximately equal to the total biomass of the human species). * ''Computing:'' 9,007,199,254,740,992 (2⁵³) – number until which all integer values can exactly be represented in IEEE double precision floating-point format. * ''Mathematics:'' 48,988,659,276,962,496 is the fifth taxicab number. * ''Science Fiction'': In

Isaac Asimov yi, יצחק אזימאװ , birth_date = , birth_place = Petrovichi, Russian SFSR , spouse = , relatives = , children = 2 , death_date = , death_place = Manhattan, New York City, U.S. , nationality = Russian (1920–1922)Soviet (192 ...

's Galactic Empire, in what we call 22,500 CE, there are 25,000,000 different inhabited planets in the Galactic Empire, all inhabited by humans in Asimov's "human galaxy" scenario, each with an average population of 2,000,000,000, thus yielding a total Galactic Empire population of approximately 50,000,000,000,000,000. * ''Science Fiction'': There are approximately 10¹⁷ sentient beings in the ''

Star Wars ''Star Wars'' is an American epic film, epic space opera multimedia franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the Star Wars (film), eponymous 1977 film and quickly became a worldwide popular culture, pop-culture Cultural impact of S ...

'' galaxy. * ''Cryptography:'' There are 2⁵⁶ = 72,057,594,037,927,936 different possible keys in the obsolete 56-bit

DES Des is a masculine given name, mostly a short form (hypocorism) of Desmond. People named Des include: People * Des Buckingham, English football manager * Des Corcoran, (1928–2004), Australian politician * Des Dillon (disambiguation), sever ...

symmetric cipher.

10¹⁸

(; 1000⁶;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one quintillion;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one trillion) ISO:

exa- A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pre ...

(E) * ''Mathematics:''

Goldbach's conjecture Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states that every even natural number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. The conjecture has been shown to hold ...

has been

verified Verified is a United Nations project to improve access to accurate information. In the project the United Nations seeks to organize a network of millions of online volunteers to curate and fact check information online. Verified has held a socia ...

for all ''n'' ≤ 4 by a project which computed all prime numbers up to that limit. * ''Computing – Manufacturing:'' An estimated 6 transistors were produced worldwide in 2008. * ''Computing – Computational limit of a 64-bit

CPU A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and ...

'':

9,223,372,036,854,775,807 A power of two is a number of the form where is an integer, that is, the result of exponentiation with number two as the base and integer as the exponent. In a context where only integers are considered, is restricted to non-negative ...

(about 9.22) is equal to 2⁶³−1, and as such is the largest number which can fit into a signed ( two's complement) 64-bit integer on a computer. * ''Mathematics – NCAA basketball tournament:'' There are 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (2⁶³) possible ways to enter the

bracket A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. Typically deployed in symmetric pairs, an individual bracket may be identified as a 'left' or 'r ...

. * ''Mathematics – Bases:'' 9,439,829,801,208,141,318 (≈9.44) is the 10th and (by conjecture) largest number with more than one digit that can be written from base 2 to base 18 using only the digits 0 to 9, meaning the digits for 10 to 17 are not needed in bases above 10. * ''Biology – Insects:'' It has been estimated that the insect population of the Earth is about 10¹⁹. * ''Mathematics – Answer to the

wheat and chessboard problem The wheat and chessboard problem (sometimes expressed in terms of rice grains) is a mathematical problem expressed in word problem (mathematics education), textual form as: The problem may be solved using simple addition. With 64 squares on a ...

:'' When doubling the grains of wheat on each successive square of a

chessboard A chessboard is a used to play chess. It consists of 64 squares, 8 rows by 8 columns, on which the chess pieces are placed. It is square in shape and uses two colours of squares, one light and one dark, in a chequered pattern. During play, the bo ...

, beginning with one grain of wheat on the first square, the final number of grains of wheat on all 64 squares of the chessboard when added up is 2⁶⁴−1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (≈1.84). * ''Mathematics – Legends:'' The

Tower of Brahma The Tower of Hanoi (also called The problem of Benares Temple or Tower of Brahma or Lucas' Tower and sometimes pluralized as Towers, or simply pyramid puzzle) is a mathematical game or puzzle consisting of three rods and a number of disks of va ...

legend tells about a

Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism.Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

temple containing a large room with three posts, on one of which are 64 golden discs, and the object of the mathematical game is for the Brahmins in this temple to move all of the discs to another pole so that they are in the same order, never placing a larger disc above a smaller disc, moving only one at a time. Using the simplest algorithm for moving the disks, it would take 2⁶⁴−1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (≈1.84) turns to complete the task (the same number as the wheat and chessboard problem above). * ''Computing – IPv6:'' 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 (2⁶⁴; ≈1.84) possible unique /64

subnetwork A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. Updated by RFC 6918. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. Computers that belong to the same subnet are addressed with an identical ...

s. * ''Mathematics – Rubik's Cube:'' There are 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 (≈4.33) different positions of a 3×3×3

Rubik's Cube The Rubik's Cube is a Three-dimensional space, 3-D combination puzzle originally invented in 1974 by Hungarians, Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Ernő Rubik. Originally called the Magic Cube, the puzzle was licensed by Rubik t ...

. * '' Password strength:'' Usage of the 95-character set found on standard computer keyboards for a 10-character password yields a computationally intractable 59,873,693,923,837,890,625 (95¹⁰, approximately 5.99) permutations. * ''Economics:'' Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe estimated in February 2009 by some economists at 10 sextillion percent, or a factor of 10²⁰.

10²¹

Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 solution standardized layout

(; 1000⁷;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one

sextillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one thousand trillion, or one

trilliard Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

) ISO: zetta- (Z) * ''Geo – Grains of sand:'' All the world's beaches combined have been estimated to hold roughly 10²¹ grains of sand. * ''Computing – Manufacturing:'' Intel predicted that there would be 1.2 transistors in the world by 2015 and Forbes estimated that 2.9 transistors had been shipped up to 2014. * ''Mathematics – Sudoku:'' There are 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 (≈6.7) 9×9 sudoku grids. * ''Astronomy – Stars:'' 70 sextillion = 7, the estimated number of

star A star is an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma (physics), plasma held together by its gravity. The List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs, nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked ...

s within range of telescopes (as of 2003). * ''Astronomy – Stars:'' in the range of 10²³ to 10²⁴ stars in the observable universe. * ''Mathematics:'' 146,361,946,186,458,562,560,000 (≈1.5) is the fifth

unitary perfect number A unitary perfect number is an integer which is the sum of its positive proper unitary divisors, not including the number itself (a divisor ''d'' of a number ''n'' is a unitary divisor if ''d'' and ''n''/''d'' share no common factors). Some perfect ...

. * ''Mathematics:'' 357,686,312,646,216,567,629,137 (≈3.6) is the largest left-truncatable prime. * ''Chemistry – Physics:'' The Avogadro constant () is the number of constituents (e.g. atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance, defined for convenience as expressing the order of magnitude separating the molecular from the macroscopic scale.

10²⁴

(; 1000⁸;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one

septillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one quadrillion) ISO:

yotta- A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pre ...

(Y) * ''Mathematics:'' 2,833,419,889,721,787,128,217,599 (≈2.8) is the fifth Woodall prime. * ''Mathematics:'' 3,608,528,850,368,400,786,036,725 (≈3.6) is the largest polydivisible number. * ''Mathematics:'' 2⁸⁶ = 77,371,252,455,336,267,181,195,264 is the largest known power of two not containing the digit '0' in its decimal representation.

10²⁷

(; 1000⁹;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one

octillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one thousand quadrillion, or one quadrilliard) ISO: ronna- (R) * ''Biology – Atoms in the human body:'' the average human body contains roughly 7 atoms. * ''Mathematics – Poker:'' the number of unique combinations of hands and shared cards in a 10-player game of Texas hold 'em is approximately 2.117.

10³⁰

(; 1000¹⁰;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one

nonillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one quintillion) ISO:

quetta- A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pre ...

(Q) * ''Biology – Bacterial cells on Earth:'' The number of bacterial cells on Earth is estimated at 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, or 5 × 10³⁰. * ''Mathematics:'' 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,027 is the largest quasi-minimal prime. * ''Mathematics:'' The number of

partitions Partition may refer to: Computing Hardware * Disk partitioning, the division of a hard disk drive * Memory partition, a subdivision of a computer's memory, usually for use by a single job Software * Partition (database), the division of a ...

of 1000 is 24,061,467,864,032,622,473,692,149,727,991. * ''Mathematics:'' 3⁶⁸ = 278,128,389,443,693,511,257,285,776,231,761 is the largest known power of three not containing the digit '0' in its decimal representation. * ''Mathematics:'' 2¹⁰⁸ = 324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 is the largest known power of two not containing the digit '9' in its decimal representation.

10³³

(; 1000¹¹;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one

decillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one thousand quintillion, or one quintilliard) * ''Mathematics – Alexander's Star:'' There are 72,431,714,252,715,638,411,621,302,272,000,000 (about 7.24) different positions of

Alexander's Star Alexander's Star is a puzzle similar to the Rubik's Cube, in the shape of a great dodecahedron. History Alexander's Star was invented by Adam Alexander, an American mathematician, in 1982. It was patented on 26 March 1985, with US patent n ...

.

10³⁶

(; 1000¹²;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one

undecillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one

sextillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

) * ''Physics'': '' k_e e² / Gm²'', the ratio of the electromagnetic to the

gravitational In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong ...

force In physics, a force is an influence that can change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (e.g. moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a p ...

s between two

proton A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' elementary charge. Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton–electron mass ...

s, is roughly 10³⁶. * ''Mathematics:'' 2^2⁷-1-1 = 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727 (≈1.7) is the largest known double Mersenne prime. * ''Computing:'' 2¹²⁸ = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (≈3.40282367), the theoretical maximum number of Internet addresses that can be allocated under the IPv6 addressing system, one more than the largest value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE floating-point value, the total number of different Universally Unique Identifiers (UUIDs) that can be generated. * ''Cryptography:'' 2¹²⁸ = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (≈3.40282367), the total number of different possible keys in the

AES AES may refer to: Businesses and organizations Companies * AES Corporation, an American electricity company * AES Data, former owner of Daisy Systems Holland * AES Eletropaulo, a former Brazilian electricity company * AES Andes, formerly AES Gener ...

128-bit key space (symmetric cipher).

10³⁹

(; 1000¹³;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one

duodecillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-E ...

;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one thousand sextillion, or one sextilliard) * ''Cosmology:'' The

Eddington–Dirac number The Dirac large numbers hypothesis (LNH) is an observation made by Paul Dirac in 1937 relating ratios of size scales in the Universe to that of force scales. The ratios constitute very large, dimensionless numbers: some 40 orders of magnitude in ...

is roughly 10⁴⁰. * ''Mathematics:'' 97# × 2⁵ × 3³ × 5 × 7 = 69,720,375,229,712,477,164,533,808,935,312,303,556,800 (≈6.97) is the least common multiple of every integer from 1 to 100.

10⁴² to 10¹⁰⁰

(; 1000¹⁴;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: one

tredecillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: one

septillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-Eng ...

) * ''Mathematics:'' 141×2¹⁴¹+1 = 393,050,634,124,102,232,869,567,034,555,427,371,542,904,833 (≈3.93) is the second

Cullen prime Cullen may refer to: Places Canada *Cullen, Saskatchewan, a former hamlet in Benson No. 35 Rural Municipality Ireland *Cullen, County Cork, a village near Boherbue, County Cork *Cullen, County Tipperary, a small village in County Tipperary Scotl ...

. * ''Mathematics:'' There are 7,401,196,841,564,901,869,874,093,974,498,574,336,000,000,000 (≈7.4) possible permutations for the Rubik's Revenge (4×4×4 Rubik's Cube). ChessStartingPosition

* ''Chess'': 4.52 is a proven upper bound for the number of legal chess positions. * ''Geo'': 1.33 is the estimated number of atoms in Earth. * ''Mathematics:'' 2¹⁶⁸ = 374,144,419,156,711,147,060,143,317,175,368,453,031,918,731,001,856 is the largest known power of two which is not

pandigital In mathematics, a pandigital number is an integer that in a given base has among its significant digits each digit used in the base at least once. For example, 1234567890 (one billion two hundred thirty four million five hundred sixty seven tho ...

: There is no digit '2' in its decimal representation. * ''Mathematics:'' 3¹⁰⁶ = 375,710,212,613,636,260,325,580,163,599,137,907,799,836,383,538,729 is the largest known power of three which is not pandigital: There is no digit '4'. * ''Mathematics:'' 808,017,424,794,512,875,886,459,904,961,710,757,005,754,368,000,000,000 (≈8.08) is the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

of the monster group. * ''Cryptography:'' 2¹⁹² = 6,277,101,735,386,680,763,835,789,423,207,666,416,102,355,444,464,034,512,896 (6.27710174), the total number of different possible keys in the

AES AES may refer to: Businesses and organizations Companies * AES Corporation, an American electricity company * AES Data, former owner of Daisy Systems Holland * AES Eletropaulo, a former Brazilian electricity company * AES Andes, formerly AES Gener ...

192-bit key space (symmetric cipher). * ''Cosmology:'' 8 is roughly the number of Planck time intervals since the universe is theorised to have been created in the

Big Bang The Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the ...

13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago. * ''Cosmology:'' 1 is

Archimedes Archimedes of Syracuse (;; ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists ...

' estimate in '' The Sand Reckoner'' of the total number of grains of sand that could fit into the entire cosmos, the diameter of which he estimated in

stadia Stadia may refer to: * One of the plurals of stadium, along with "stadiums" * The plural of stadion, an ancient Greek unit of distance, which equals to 600 Greek feet (''podes''). * Stadia (Caria), a town of ancient Caria, now in Turkey * Stadi ...

to be what we call 2

light-year A light-year, alternatively spelled light year, is a large unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers (), or 5.88 trillion miles ().One trillion here is taken to be 1012 ...

s. * ''Mathematics – Cards:'' 52 ! = 80,658,175,170,943,878,571,660,636,856,403,766,975,289,505,440,883,277,824,000,000,000,000 (≈8.07) – the number of ways to order the cards in a 52-card deck. * ''Mathematics:'' There are ≈1.01×10⁶⁸ possible combinations for the

Megaminx The Megaminx or Mégaminx (, ) is a dodecahedron-shaped puzzle similar to the Rubik's Cube. It has a total of 50 movable pieces to rearrange, compared to the 20 movable pieces of the Rubik's Cube. History The Megaminx, or Magic Dodecahedron, ...

. * ''Mathematics:'' 1,808,422,353,177,349,564,546,512,035,512,530,001,279,481,259,854,248,860,454,348,989,451,026,887 (≈1.81) – The largest known

prime factor A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways ...

found by

ECM ECM may refer to: Economics and commerce * Engineering change management * Equity capital markets * Error correction model, an econometric model * European Common Market Mathematics * Elliptic curve method * European Congress of Mathematics ...

factorization . * ''Mathematics:'' There are 282,870,942,277,741,856,536,180,333,107,150,328,293,127,731,985,672,134,721,536,000,000,000,000,000 (≈2.83) possible permutations for the Professor's Cube (5×5×5 Rubik's Cube). * ''Cryptography:'' 2²⁵⁶ = 115,792,089,237,316,195,423,570,985,008,687,907,853,269,984,665,640,564,039,457,584,007,913,129,639,936 (≈1.15792089), the total number of different possible keys in the

AES AES may refer to: Businesses and organizations Companies * AES Corporation, an American electricity company * AES Data, former owner of Daisy Systems Holland * AES Eletropaulo, a former Brazilian electricity company * AES Andes, formerly AES Gener ...

256-bit key space (symmetric cipher). * ''Cosmology:'' Various sources estimate the total number of fundamental particles in the observable universe to be within the range of 10⁸⁰ to 10⁸⁵.WMAP- Content of the Universe
. Map.gsfc.nasa.gov (2010-04-16). Retrieved on 2011-05-01. However, these estimates are generally regarded as guesswork. (Compare the Eddington number, the estimated total number of protons in the observable universe.) * ''Computing:'' 9.999 999 is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE decimal32 floating-point format. * ''Computing:'' 69! (roughly 1.7112245), is the highest

factorial In mathematics, the factorial of a non-negative denoted is the product of all positive integers less than or equal The factorial also equals the product of n with the next smaller factorial: \begin n! &= n \times (n-1) \times (n-2) \t ...

value that can be represented on a calculator with two digits for powers of ten without overflow. * ''Mathematics:'' One

googol A googol is the large number 10100. In decimal notation, it is written as the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeroes: 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, ...

, 1, 1 followed by one hundred zeros, or 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

10¹⁰⁰ (one googol) to 10¹⁰⁰⁰

(;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: ten duotrigintillion;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: ten thousand sexdecillion, or ten sexdecillard) * ''Mathematics:'' There are 157 152 858 401 024 063 281 013 959 519 483 771 508 510 790 313 968 742 344 694 684 829 502 629 887 168 573 442 107 637 760 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 (≈1.57) distinguishable permutations of the V-Cube 6 (6×6×6 Rubik's Cube). * ''Chess:'' Shannon number, 10¹²⁰, a lower bound of the game-tree complexity of chess. * ''Physics:'' 10¹²⁰,

discrepancy Discrepancy may refer to: Mathematics * Discrepancy of a sequence * Discrepancy theory in structural modelling * Discrepancy of hypergraphs, an area of discrepancy theory * Discrepancy (algebraic geometry) Statistics * Discrepancy function in th ...

between the observed value of the cosmological constant and a naive estimate based on

Quantum Field Theory In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics. QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and ...

and the Planck energy. * ''Physics:'' 8, ratio of the mass-energy in the observable universe to the energy of a photon with a wavelength the size of the observable universe. * ''Mathematics:'' 19 568 584 333 460 072 587 245 340 037 736 278 982 017 213 829 337 604 336 734 362 294 738 647 777 395 483 196 097 971 852 999 259 921 329 236 506 842 360 439 300 (≈1.96) is the period of primary pretenders. * ''History – Religion:''

Asaṃkhyeya An ( sa, असंख्येय) is a Hindu/Buddhist name for the number 10140, or alternatively for the number 10^ as it is described in the Avatamsaka Sutra. The value of the number is different depending upon the translation. It is 10^ in the ...

is a Buddhist name for the number 10¹⁴⁰. It is listed in the

Avatamsaka Sutra The ' (IAST, sa, 𑀅𑀯𑀢𑀁𑀲𑀓 𑀲𑀽𑀢𑁆𑀭) or ''Buddhāvataṃsaka-nāma-mahāvaipulya-sūtra (The Mahāvaipulya Sūtra named “Buddhāvataṃsaka”)'' is one of the most influential Mahāyāna sutras of East Asian B ...

and metaphorically means "innumerable" in the Sanskrit language of ancient India. * ''Xiangqi:'' 10¹⁵⁰, an estimation of the game-tree complexity of xiangqi. * ''Mathematics:'' There are 19 500 551 183 731 307 835 329 126 754 019 748 794 904 992 692 043 434 567 152 132 912 323 232 706 135 469 180 065 278 712 755 853 360 682 328 551 719 137 311 299 993 600 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 (≈1.95) distinguishable permutations of the V-Cube 7 (7×7×7 Rubik's Cube). FloorGoban

* ''Go:'' There are 208 168 199 381 979 984 699 478 633 344 862 770 286 522 453 884 530 548 425 639 456 820 927 419 612 738 015 378 525 648 451 698 519 643 907 259 916 015 628 128 546 089 888 314 427 129 715 319 317 557 736 620 397 247 064 840 935 (≈2.08) legal positions in the game of Go. See Go and mathematics. * ''Economics:'' The annualized rate of the hyperinflation in Hungary in 1946 was estimated to be 2.9%. It was the most extreme case of hyperinflation ever recorded. * ''Board games:'' 3.457, number of ways to arrange the tiles in English Scrabble on a standard 15-by-15 Scrabble board. * ''Physics:'' 10¹⁸⁶, approximate number of Planck volumes in the observable universe. * ''Shogi:'' 10²²⁶, an estimation of the game-tree complexity of

shogi , also known as Japanese chess, is a strategy board game for two players. It is one of the most popular board games in Japan and is in the same family of games as Western chess, ''chaturanga, Xiangqi'', Indian chess, and '' janggi''. ''Shōgi'' ...

. * ''Physics:'' 7, approximate spacetime volume of the history of the observable universe in Planck units. * ''Computing:'' 1.797 693 134 862 315 807 is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE double precision floating-point format. * ''Computing:'' (10 – 10⁻¹⁵) is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE decimal64 floating-point format. * ''Mathematics:'' 997# × 31# × 2⁵ × 3⁴ × 5⁴ × 7 = 7 128 865 274 665 093 053 166 384 155 714 272 920 668 358 861 885 893 040 452 001 991 154 324 087 581 111 499 476 444 151 913 871 586 911 717 817 019 575 256 512 980 264 067 621 009 251 465 871 004 305 131 072 686 268 143 200 196 609 974 862 745 937 188 343 705 015 434 452 523 739 745 298 963 145 674 982 128 236 956 232 823 794 011 068 809 262 317 708 861 979 540 791 247 754 558 049 326 475 737 829 923 352 751 796 735 248 042 463 638 051 137 034 331 214 781 746 850 878 453 485 678 021 888 075 373 249 921 995 672 056 932 029 099 390 891 687 487 672 697 950 931 603 520 000 (≈7.13) is the least common multiple of every integer from 1 to 1000.

10¹⁰⁰⁰ to 10^10¹⁰⁰ (one googolplex)

* ''Mathematics:'' There are approximately 1.869 distinguishable permutations of the world's largest

Rubik's cube The Rubik's Cube is a Three-dimensional space, 3-D combination puzzle originally invented in 1974 by Hungarians, Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Ernő Rubik. Originally called the Magic Cube, the puzzle was licensed by Rubik t ...

(33×33×33). * ''Computing:'' 1.189 731 495 357 231 765 05 is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE 80-bit x86

extended precision Extended precision refers to floating-point arithmetic, floating-point number formats that provide greater precision (computer science), precision than the basic floating-point formats. Extended precision formats support a basic format by floati ...

floating-point format. * ''Computing:'' 1.189 731 495 357 231 765 085 759 326 628 007 0 is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE quadruple-precision floating-point format. * ''Computing:'' (10 – 10⁻³³) is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE

decimal128 floating-point format In computing, decimal128 is a decimal floating-point computer numbering format that occupies 16 bytes (128 bits) in computer memory. It is intended for applications where it is necessary to emulate decimal rounding exactly, such as fina ...

. * ''Computing:'' 10^10,000 − 1 is equal to the largest value that can be represented in Windows Phone's calculator. * ''Mathematics:'' 2638⁴⁴⁰⁵ + 4405²⁶³⁸ is a 15,071-digit Leyland prime; the largest which has been proven . * ''Mathematics:'' 3,756,801,695,685 × 2^666,669 ± 1 are 200,700-digit twin primes; the largest known . * ''Mathematics:'' 18,543,637,900,515 × 2^666,667 − 1 is a 200,701-digit Sophie Germain prime; the largest known . * ''Mathematics:'' approximately 7.76 × 10^206,544 cattle in the smallest herd which satisfies the conditions of Archimedes's cattle problem. * ''Mathematics:'' 10^474,500 + 999 × 10^237,249 + 1 is a 474,501-digit

palindromic prime In mathematics, a palindromic prime (sometimes called a palprime) is a prime number that is also a palindromic number. Palindromicity depends on the base of the number system and its notational conventions, while primality is independent of such ...

, the largest known . * ''Mathematics:'' 2,996,863,034,895 × 2^1,290,000±1 are 388,342-digit twin primes; the largest known . * ''Mathematics:'' 1,098,133# – 1 is a 476,311-digit primorial prime; the largest known . * ''Mathematics:'' 208,003! − 1 is a 1,015,843-digit

factorial prime A factorial prime is a prime number that is one less or one more than a factorial (all factorials greater than 1 are even). The first 10 factorial primes (for ''n'' = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14) are : : 2 (0! +&n ...

; the largest known . * ''Mathematics – Literature:'' Jorge Luis Borges'

Library of Babel "The Library of Babel" ( es, La biblioteca de Babel) is a short story by Argentine author and librarian Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986), conceiving of a universe in the form of a vast library containing all possible 410-page books of a certain ...

contains at least 25^1,312,000 ≈ 1.956 × 10^1,834,097 books (this is a lower bound). * ''Mathematics:'' 4 × 72^1,119,849 − 1 is the smallest prime of the form 4×72^''n''−1 * ''Mathematics:'' (2^15,135,397+1)/3 is a 4,556,209-digit Wagstaff probable prime, the largest known . * ''Mathematics:'' 1,059,094^1,048,576 + 1 is a 6,317,602-digit

Generalized Fermat prime In mathematics, a Fermat number, named after Pierre de Fermat, who first studied them, is a positive integer of the form :F_ = 2^ + 1, where ''n'' is a non-negative integer. The first few Fermat numbers are: : 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537, 429496729 ...

, the largest known . * ''Mathematics:'' (10^8,177,207−1)/9 is a 8,177,207-digit probable prime, the largest known . * ''Mathematics:'' 10,223 × 2^31,172,165 + 1 is a 9,383,761-digit Proth prime, the largest known Proth prime and non-Mersenne prime . Digits in largest prime found as a function of time

Digits in largest prime found as a function of time

* ''Mathematics:'' 2^82,589,933 − 1 is a 24,862,048-digit Mersenne prime; the largest known prime of any kind .Chris Caldwell
The Top Twenty: Largest Known Primes
at The Prime Pages. * ''Mathematics:'' 2^82,589,932 × (2^82,589,933 − 1) is a 49,724,095-digit perfect number, the largest known as of 2020. * ''Mathematics – History:'' 10^8×10¹⁶, largest named number in

Archimedes Archimedes of Syracuse (;; ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists ...

' ''

Sand Reckoner ''The Sand Reckoner'' ( el, Ψαμμίτης, ''Psammites'') is a work by Archimedes, an Ancient Greek mathematician of the 3rd century BC, in which he set out to determine an upper bound for the number of grains of sand that fit into the unive ...

''. * ''Mathematics:'' 10^googol (

10^

), a googolplex. A number 1 followed by 1 googol zeros.

Carl Sagan Carl Edward Sagan (; ; November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, cosmologist, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, and science communicator. His best known scientific contribution is research on ext ...

has estimated that 1 googolplex, fully written out, would not fit in the observable universe because of its size, while also noting that one could also write the number as 10^10¹⁰⁰.

Larger than 10^10¹⁰⁰

(One googolplex; 10^googol;

short scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer power of 10, powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one m ...

: googolplex;

long scale The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the ...

: googolplex) * ''Mathematics – Literature:'' The number of different ways in which the books in Jorge Luis Borges'

Library of Babel "The Library of Babel" ( es, La biblioteca de Babel) is a short story by Argentine author and librarian Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986), conceiving of a universe in the form of a vast library containing all possible 410-page books of a certain ...

can be arranged is approximately

10^

, the

factorial In mathematics, the factorial of a non-negative denoted is the product of all positive integers less than or equal The factorial also equals the product of n with the next smaller factorial: \begin n! &= n \times (n-1) \times (n-2) \t ...

of the number of books in the Library of Babel. * ''Cosmology:'' In chaotic inflation theory, proposed by physicist

Andrei Linde Andrei Dmitriyevich Linde (russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Ли́нде; born March 2, 1948) is a Russian-American theoretical physicist and the Harald Trap Friis Professor of Physics at Stanford University. Linde is one of the ...

, our universe is one of many other universes with different

physical constant A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time. It is contrasted with a mathematical constant, ...

s that originated as part of our local section of the

multiverse The multiverse is a hypothetical group of multiple universes. Together, these universes comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, energy, information, and the physical laws and constants that describe them. The di ...

, owing to a vacuum that had not decayed to its

ground state The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system. An excited state is any state with energy greater than the ground state. ...

. According to Linde and Vanchurin, the total number of these universes is about

10^

. * ''Mathematics:''

10^

, order of magnitude of an upper bound that occurred in a proof of Skewes (this was later estimated to be closer to 1.397 × 10³¹⁶). *''Cosmology:'' The estimated number of Planck time units for

quantum fluctuations In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. ...

and tunnelling to generate a new

Big Bang The Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the ...

is estimated to be

10^

. * ''Mathematics:''

10^

, a number in the googol family called a googolplexplex, googolplexian, or googolduplex. 1 followed by a googolplex zeros, or 10^googolplex *''Cosmology:'' The uppermost estimate to the size of the entire universe is approximately

10^

times that of the observable universe. * ''Mathematics:''

10^

, order of magnitude of another upper bound in a proof of Skewes. * ''Mathematics:''

10^

, a number in the googol family called a googolplexplexplex, googolplexianth, or googoltriplex. 1 followed by a googolduplex zeros, or 10^googolduplex * ''Mathematics:'' Steinhaus'

mega Mega or MEGA may refer to: Science * mega-, a metric prefix denoting 106 * Mega (number), a certain very large integer in Steinhaus–Moser notation * "mega-" a prefix meaning "large" that is used in taxonomy * Gravity assist, for ''Moon-Earth ...

lies between 10 57 and 10 58 (where ''a'' 'n'''b'' is hyperoperation). * ''Mathematics:'' Moser's number, "2 in a mega-gon" in

Steinhaus–Moser notation In mathematics, Steinhaus–Moser notation is a notation for expressing certain large numbers. It is an extension (devised by Leo Moser) of Hugo Steinhaus's polygon notation. Definitions : 20px, n in a triangle a number in a triangle means nn ...

, is approximately equal to 10 57">0 570, the last four digits are ...1056. * ''Mathematics:''

Graham's number Graham's number is an immense number that arose as an upper bound on the answer of a problem in the mathematical field of Ramsey theory. It is much larger than many other large numbers such as Skewes's number and Moser's number, both of which ar ...

, the last ten digits of which are ...2464195387, equals 3 [3 [...3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2+2">..3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3 [...3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2+2...">..3[3[3[6+2">[...3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2+2">..3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2">[...3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2+2...+2">[6+2">[...3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2+2...">..3[3[3[6+2">[...3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2+2">..3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2">[...3[3[3[6">[3[...3[3[3[6+2+2...+2+2]3 with 64 levels of brackets. Arises as an upper bound solution to a problem in Ramsey theory. Representation in powers of 10 would be impractical (the number of 10s in the power tower

10^

would be virtually indistinguishable from the number itself). * ''Mathematics:''

TREE(3) In mathematics, Kruskal's tree theorem states that the set of finite trees over a well-quasi-ordered set of labels is itself well-quasi-ordered under homeomorphic embedding. History The theorem was conjectured by Andrew Vázsonyi and proved b ...

: appears in relation to a theorem on trees in graph theory. Representation of the number is difficult, but one weak lower bound is ''A''^{''A''(187196)}(1), where A(n) is a version of the

Ackermann function In computability theory, the Ackermann function, named after Wilhelm Ackermann, is one of the simplest and earliest-discovered examples of a total computable function that is not primitive recursive. All primitive recursive functions are total ...

. * ''Mathematics:'' SSCG(3): appears in relation to the Robertson–Seymour theorem. Known to be greater than TREE(3). * ''Mathematics:''

Transcendental integers Transcendence, transcendent, or transcendental may refer to: Mathematics * Transcendental number, a number that is not the root of any polynomial with rational coefficients * Algebraic element or transcendental element, an element of a field exten ...

: a set of numbers defined in 2000 by Harvey Friedman, appears in proof theory. * ''Mathematics:''

Rayo's number Rayo's number is a large number named after Mexican philosophy professor Agustín Rayo which has been claimed to be the largest named number. It was originally defined in a "big number duel" at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT on 26 Janua ...

is a large number named after Agustín Rayo which has been claimed to be the largest number to have ever been named. It was originally defined in a "big number duel" at MIT on 26 January 2007.

References

External links

* Seth Lloyd's pape
''Computational capacity of the universe''
provides a number of interesting dimensionless quantities.

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Orders Of Magnitude (Numbers) Numbers

Smaller than (one googolth)

10−100 to 10−30

10−30

10−27

10−24

10−21

10−18

10−15

10−12

10−9

10−6

10−3

10−2

10−1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

1011

1012

1015

1018

1021

1024

1027

1030

1033

1036

1039

1042 to 10100

10100 (one googol) to 101000

101000 to 1010100 (one googolplex)

Larger than 1010100

See also

References

External links

10⁻¹⁰⁰ to 10⁻³⁰

10⁻³⁰

10⁻²⁷

10⁻²⁴

10⁻²¹

10⁻¹⁸

10⁻¹⁵

10⁻¹²

10⁻⁹

10⁻⁶

10⁻³

10⁻²

10⁻¹

10⁰

10¹

10²

10³

10⁴

10⁵

10⁶

10⁷

10⁸

10⁹

10¹⁰

10¹¹

10¹²

10¹⁵

10¹⁸

10²¹

10²⁴

10²⁷

10³⁰

10³³

10³⁶

10³⁹

10⁴² to 10¹⁰⁰

10¹⁰⁰ (one googol) to 10¹⁰⁰⁰

10¹⁰⁰⁰ to 10^10¹⁰⁰ (one googolplex)

Larger than 10^10¹⁰⁰